The Analysis of World Trade Organization Panel Decision of Indonesia Measures Relating to Raw Materials
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58355/justices.v3i3.121Keywords:
Export Restriction, Downstreaming, WTO, GATT 1994Abstract
European Union has requested a panel regarding Indonesia's restriction of exports and downstreaming of raw materials. According to the European Union, Indonesia's export and downstream policies violate World Trade Organization (WTO) provisions, namely Article XI:1 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994. In the panel report, the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body (WTO DSB) decided that Indonesia had been proven to have violated these WTO provisions. This thesis examines whether the WTO's ruling on Indonesia's restrictions on raw materials is justified and explores Indonesia's arguments in Appellate Body with the European Union regarding restrictions on nickel ore exports and downstreaming. The research methodology involves normative legal research, analyzing primary legal sources like legislation and secondary sources such as textbooks and case studies. The study delves into Indonesia's challenges in defending its policies at the WTO's Appellate Body. The primary research object is Indonesia's Measures relating to Raw Materials, particularly nickel ore, and relevant agreements like GATT 1994. Legal materials include Indonesian regulations on exports and GATT 1994, while secondary sources encompass statutory regulations, scientific journals, and related literature. The data collection method relies on library research. Using a qualitative approach, the thesis seeks a deep understanding of the core issues. Analytical methods include statutory interpretation, case studies, and grounded theory. The research finds Indonesia's measures non-compliant with GATT 1994 but suggests leveraging Article XXI, the Security Exception, as a strategic defense in the Appellate Body.
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References
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Chao Wang. “Invocation of National Security Exceptions under GATT Article XXI: Jurisdiction to Review and Standard of Review,” Chinese Journal of International Law 18, no. 3 (2019).
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, Article XI: 1.
Thomas Riesthuis, “The Legitimacy of Judicial Decision-Making: Towards Empirical Scrutiny of Theories of Adjudication”, Utrecht Law Review 19, no. 2 (2023).
Tomi Suryo, Hukum dan Kebijakan WTO, (Yogyakarta: Suluh Media, 2021).
Vicky Alvian Abdul Azis, and Sharda Abrianti, “Analisis terhadap Larangan Ekspor Bijih Nikel Kadar Renah berdasarkan Prinsip Restriksi Kuantitatif”, Hukum Pidana dan Pembangunan Hukum 3, no. 2 (2021).
World Trade Organization Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R,.
World Trade Organization Appellate Body Report, Brazil – Retreaded Tyres, WT/DS332/AB/R.
World Trade Organization Appellate Body Report, China - Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials, WTO Docs. WT/DS394/AB/R, WT/DS395/AB/R, WT/DS398/AB/R, 2012.
World Trade Organization Appellate Body Report, China - Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials 2012.
World Trade Organization Appellate Body Report, India – Solar Cells, WT/DS456/AB/R.
World Trade Organization Appellate Body Report, United States — Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/RW.
World Trade Organization Panel Body Report, China Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products, WTO Docs. WT/DS363/R, 2009.
World Trade Organization Panel Body Report, Japan – Trade in Semi-conductors, WTO Docs. L/6309 – 35S/116, 1988.
World Trade Organization Panel Report, China – Raw Materials, WT/DS394/AB/R; WT/DS395/AB/R; WT/DS398/AB/R.
World Trade Organization Panel Report, Indonesia – Measure relating to Raw Materials, WT/DS592/R.
World Trade Organization Panel Report, Indonesia – Measures relating to Raw Materials, WT/DS592/R.
World Trade Organization Panel Report, Indonesia – Measures relating to Raw Meterials, WT/DS592/R.
World Trade Organization, Request for Consultation by the European Union, WT/DS592/1 • G/L/1345 • G/SCM/D127/1, 2019.
World Trade Organization, Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the European Union, WT/DS592/3.
World Trade Organization, Turkey — Restrictions on Imports of Textile and Clothing Products, WT/DS34/14.
World Trade Organization, WTO Analytical Index - Guide to WTO Law and Practice 3rd Edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 562, https://gatt-disputes.wto.org/sites/default/files/books/GATT%20Analytical
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